Development of Intrusion Detection System Software

Development of Intrusion Detection System Software INTRODUCTION Heavy reliance on the Internet and worldwide connectivity has greatly increased that can be imposed by attacks plunged over the Internet against systems. It is very difficult to prevent such attacks by the only use of security policies, firewall or other mechanism because system and application software always contains unknown weaknesses or many bugs. In addition, complex, often unforeseen, interactions between software components and or network protocols are continually exploited by attackers. Successful attacks inevitably occur despite the best security precautions. There for intrusion detection system has become an essential part of the system because they can detect the attacks before they inflict widespread damage. Some approaches detect attacks in real time and can stop an attack in progress. Others provide after-the-fact information about attacks and can help repair damage, understand the attack mechanism, and reduce the possibility of future attacks of the same type. More adv anced intrusion detection systems detect never-before-seen, new, attacks, while the more typical systems detect previously seen, known attacks [1]. MOTIVATION The speed of growth of Internet is very fast without any end. With this growth the threat of attacks is also increasing. Because as we all know that theft can be occurred over the Internet from all over the world. So we require a system which can detect the attack or theft before there is some loss of information and reputation of organization or any individual. There are many solutions has been provided by the researchers and from many companies like firewall, intrusion detection system and IPS to stop the attacks. But still it is very hard to detect the attacks like DoS and worm propagation before they widespread, because regularly thousands of attacks are being developed and for a signature based intrusion detection system it is very hard to detect these kinds of new attacks with perfect accuracy. Mostly intrusion detection system generates many false alarms. These false alarms can affect the other processing of the network. If somehow any attacker gets to know that there is an intrusion detection system in the network then, the attacker will want to disable the intrusion detection system. His/her first target will be the intrusion detection system before attacking the network. So there should be proper security policies for deploying the IDS to take proper advantages of it. PROJECT OBJECTIVES Security is the main concern for any network. Every day thousands of attacks are created so that alarms and logs should be generated properly for reducing their effect. intrusion detection system and IPS are mostly used devices for providing these kinds of solutions. But there are many issues like performance and accuracy. So the main objective of the project is to develop a signature based intrusion detection system for DoS attacks with better scalability and performance i.e. intrusion detection system with minimum false alarms and with better throughput. In this study the example of TCP SYN flood attack will be taken for implementing and evaluating the performance and scalability of the developed intrusion detection system. Second Objective of this study is to discuss the policies for implementing the intrusion detection system securely. And these policies shall also be evaluated. Intrusion detection system intrusion detection systems (IDS) are software or hardware systems that automate the process of monitoring the events occurring in a computer system or network, analyzing them for signs of security problems. As network attacks have increased in number and severity over the past few years, intrusion detection systems have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of most organizations [2, 48]. There are many different types of intrusion detection system and they can be characterized by different monitoring and analysis approaches. Each approach has different advantages and disadvantages. All approaches can be described in terms of generic process model for intrusion detection systems. Many intrusion detection systems can be described in terms of three fundamental functional components information source, analysis, and response [2]. OVERVIEW Chapter 1 In this chapter we will give a brief introduction of whole project, what is the motivation for selecting this project. What are the main objectives of this project? And what is the main problem which will be considered in this project. Chapter 2 is all about the literature review. In this chapter many different aspects of the intrusion detection system will be discussed like why we require intrusion detection system, different type of intrusion detection system, need for intrusion detection system, about attacks different types of attacks and many other different facts about intrusion detection system which can help to improve the knowledge about intrusion detection system. Chapter 3 will focus on the analysis and designing part of the intrusion detection system. How a computer system can be designed. What s the system engineering and different type’s models will be discussed. CHAPTER 2 NEED FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM Internet is carrying more traffic than ever before and still growing in the size without any end. Along with the explosive growth comes an increased threat from Internet related attacks. The Internet allows theft to occur from anywhere of the world [14]. Many threats impact on the operation of your computer network. Natural threats such as flood fire and tornadoes, causes unexpected disruptions. Most companies have well-defined procedure to handle these natural attacks. Security procedures designed to combat hacker attacks, an unsecured network will definitely be attacked. The only question is when the attack will occur [14]. COMPUTER ATTACKS AND VULRANABILITIES intrusion detection systems have been adopted by many organizations because the organizations know that intrusion detection systems are necessary component of the security architectures. But still intrusion detection system is not too much popular, most organizations lack experienced intrusion detection system operators. intrusion detection system can be most effective if the human operates it. But before developing a signature based intrusion detection system the knowledge of the attacks is must. Signatures is a set of rules that sensor uses to detect typical intrusive activities. These rules are based on various criteria i.e. IP protocol parameters, transport protocol parameter and packet data [12]. THE PHASES OF THE ATTACKS Attack can be divided into three different phases. The first phase is defining the goal for attack. The second phase is the reconnaissance attack, also known as the information gathering. After collecting the information the attacker proceed to the third phase, the attacking phase [12]. FIRST PHASE: GOALS OF ATTACK Before attacking a network or system, an attacker sets her goals or objectives. When attacking network the attacker can have various goals: Data manipulation System access Elevated privileges Denying availability of the network resources MOTIVATION Revenge Political activism Financial gain Attackers attempt to disrupt network to discredit the particular organization’s image [12]. RECONNAISSANCE BEFORE THE ATTACK Collecting the information is the attacker’s second step in launching an attack against the network. Successful reconnaissance is also important for successful attack. Attackers use two main mechanisms to collect the information about the network. Public data source Scanning and probing An attacker sometime starts his knowledge search by examining public information available about company. By using these kind of information the attacker can determine that where the business is located, the business partners, the value of the company assets and much more. And through scanning, the attackers use remote reconnaissance to find specific resource on the network. The goal of the information gathering is to pinpoint weak points on the network where an attack is likely to succeed. By pinpointing specific weakness on the network, the attacker can launch an attack in the future that generates minimal traffic or noise on the network. This greatly reduces the likelihood of detection during the actual attack [12]. For example: ping sweep, vertical scan, horizontal attack, DNS query, block scan and many more. THE ACTUAL ATTACK After an attacker maps the network, he researches known vulnerabilities for the system that he detected. The attacker’s goal at this stage is to gain access to resources of the network i.e. Unauthorized data manipulation, system access, or privilege escalation. ATTACK METHODOLOGY Regardless of the motivation or personal preferences, an attacker has several attack methodologies from which to choose [12]: Ad hoc (random) Methodological Surgical strike (lightning quickly) Patient (slow) AD HOC (Random) An ad hoc attack methodology is unstructured. An attacker using this methodology is usually disorganized and those types of attacks frequently fail. It is difficult to comprehensively locate targets on the network. METHODOLOGICAL It provides a well-defined sequence of steps to attack a network. First, the attackers use the reconnaissance to locate the targets. Next the attacker locates the exploits for known vulnerability on the target. Finally when he satisfies with his toolkit he starts attacking system on the target network. SURGICAL STRIKE (Lightning Quick) Many times the attacker uses an automated script against a network. The entire attack is completed in a few seconds. Before the system administrator or security analysts have time to react and make any decision. PATIENT (Slow) It refers to how quickly the attacker executes his attacks. Usually the one uses a patient (slow) methodology to avoid detection. Many intrusion detection systems have difficulty detecting attacks that occurs over long period of time. BACK DOORS Viruses and worms provide a vehicle for an attacker to wreak havoc on your network and potentially the Internet. However, the spread of viruses and worms is much harder to determine in advance. Viruses and worms are much harder to determine in advance. Trojan horse program enables an attacker to establish back door on systems. However Trojan horse requires some type of transport vehicle [12]. DENIAL OF SERVICE TECHNIQUES The purpose of DoS attacks is to deny legitimate access to the network resources. These attacks include everything from simple one-line commands to sophisticated programs written by knowledgeable hackers. There are different types of DoS attacks some of them are- Network resource overload Host resource starvation Out-of-band attacks Distributed attacks NETWORK RESOURCE OVERLOAD One common way to deny the network access is by overloading a common resource necessary for network components to operate. The main common resource that can be attacked in the network bandwidth in several ways generating lots of traffic, distributing the attack across numerous hosts, and using a protocol flaws that amplifies the attack by soliciting help from many different hosts on the target [12]. Example- Smurf and Fraggle attack. HOST RESOURCE STARVATION The resources available at the hosts are also known as the attack point as well. One such resource is the buffer that a host uses to track TCP connections. OUT-OF-BOUNDS ATTACKS The first out-of-bounds attack category uses over-sized packet, it overflows the allocated buffer and causes the system crash. An over-sized packet attack is ping of death. DISTRIBUTED ATTACKS The latest trend in DoS attacks is for an attacker to compromise numerous hosts and then use all these compromised hosts to provide a massive against a specific target. These types of attacks are known as the distributed denial of service attack (DDoS). DISTRIBUTION EFFECT To disrupt the victims communication very badly, the attacker must compromise an agent machine that has more network resources than the victim. Locating and breaking into such a machine may prove difficult, if the target of the attack is well-provisioned site [16]. Distribution brings number of benefits to the attackers: By using distribution techniques, the attacker can multiply the resources on the attacking end, allowing him to deny service to more powerful machines at the target end [16]. To stop a simple DoS attack from a single agent, a defender needs to identify that agent and take some action that prevents it from sending such a large volume of traffic. In many cases, the attack from a machine can be stopped only if the machine’s human administrator, or network operator, takes action. If there are thousands agents participating in the attack, however, stopping any single one of them may provide little benefit to the victim. Only by stopping most or all of them can the DoS effect be palliated [16]. If the attacker choose agents that are spread widely throughout the Internet, attempts to stop the attack are more difficult, since the only point at which all of the attack traffic merges is close to the victim. This point is called aggregation point. Other nodes in the network might experience no telltale signs of the attack and might have difficulty distinguishing the attack traffic from legitimate traffic [16]. In DoS attack executed from a single agent, the victim might be able to recover by obtaining more resources. For example, an overwhelmed Web server might be able to recruit other local servers to help handle the extra load. Regardless of how powerful a single agent might be, the defender can add more capacity until he outstrips the attacker’s ability to generate load. This approach is less effective in defending against DDoS attacks. If the defender doubles his resources to handle twice as many requests, the attacker merely needs to double the number of agents- often an easy task [16]. TCP-SYN ATTACK The SYN-flooding attack is a Distributed denial-of-service method disturbing hosts that run TCP server processes. The attack take benefit of the state retention TCP performs for some time after receiving a SYN segment to a port that has been put into the listen state. The basic idea is to utilize this behavior by causing a host to retain enough state for bogus half-connections that there are no resources to establish new genuine connections [51, 52]. A TCP implementation may allocate to LISTEN state to be entered with either all, some, or none of the pair of IP addresses and port numbers specified by the application. In many common applications like web servers, none of the remote host’s information is pre known or preconfigured, so that a connection can be established with any client whose details are unidentified to the server ahead of time. This type of â€Å"unbound† LISTEN is the goal of SYN flooding attacks due to the way it is typically implemented by operating systems [51, 52]. For success, [51, 52] the SYN flooding attack relies on the victim host TCP implementation’s behavior. In particular, it assumes that the victim allocates state for every TCP SYN segment when it is received and that there is perimeter on the amount of such state than can be kept at any time. The [51, 52] SYN flooding attack does not attempt to overload the networks recourses or the end host memory, but merely attempts to exhaust the backlog of half-open connections associated with the port number. The goal is to send a quick barrage of SYN segments from IP addresses (often spoofed) that will not generate replies to the SYN-ACKs that are produced. By keeping the backlog full of bogus half-opened connections, legitimate requests will be rejected. Three important attack parameters for success are the size of the barrage, the frequency with which barrages2 are generated, and the means of the selecting IP addresses to spoof. Usually, [51, 52] systems implements a parameter to the typical listen () system calls that allows the application to suggest a value for this limit, called the backlog. 1 To be effective, the size of the barrage must be made large enough to reach the backlog. Ideally, the barrage size is no larger than the backlog, minimizing the volume of the traffic the attacker must source. Typical default backlog values vary from half-dozen to several dozen, so the attack might be tailored to the particular value determined by the victim host and application. On machines intended to be servers, especially for a high volume of the traffic, the backlogs are often administratively configured to higher. Another aspect makes both DoS and DDoS attacks hard to handle: Defenses that work well against many other kinds of attacks are not necessarily effective against denial of service. For years, system administrators have been advised to install a firewall and keep its configuration up to date, to close unnecessary ports on all machines, to stay current with patches of operating systems and other important software, and to run intrusion detection system to discover any attacks that have managed to penetrate the outer bastions of defense [16]. Unfortunately, these security measures often will not help against denial of service. The attack can consist of traffic that the firewall finds acceptable. intrusion detection systems are of limited value in dealing with DoS, since, unlike break-ins and thefts, DoS attacks rarely hide themselves [16]. WHAT IS INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM? intrusion detection systems gather information from a computer or network of computers and attempt to detect intruders or system abuse. Generally, an intrusion detection system will notify a human analyst of a possible intrusion and take no further action, but some newer systems take active steps to stop an intruder at the time of detection [4]. The goal of intrusion detection is seemingly simple: to detect intrusions. However, the task is difficult, and in fact intrusion detection systems do not detect intrusions at all—they only identify evidence of intrusions, either while they’re in progress or after the fact. Such evidence is sometimes referred to as an attacks â€Å"manifestation.† If there is no manifestation, if the manifestation lacks sufficient information, or if the information it contains is untrustworthy, then the system cannot detect the intrusion [5]. intrusion detection systems are classified into two general types known as signature based and heuristic based. Pfleeger and Pfleeger describe signature-based systems as â€Å"pattern-matching† systems that detect threats based on the signature of the attack matching a known pattern. Heuristic based systems, which are synonymous with anomaly-based systems, detect attacks through deviations from a model of normal behavior [6]. intrusion detection systems that operate on a single workstation are known as host intrusion detection system (HIDS), while those that operate as stand-alone devices on a network are known as NIDS. HIDS monitor traffic on its host machine by utilizing the resources of its host to detect attacks. NIDS operate as a stand-alone device that monitors traffic on the network to detect attacks. NIDS come in two general forms; signature based NIDS and heuristic based NIDS [7]. PROCESS MODEL FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM intrusion detection systems can be described in terms of three fundamental functional components [2, 48]: Information Sources the different sources of event information used to determine whether an intrusion has taken place. These sources can be drawn from different levels of the system, with network, host, and application monitoring most common. Analysis the part of intrusion detection systems that actually organizes and makes sense of the events derived from the information sources, deciding when those events indicate that intrusions are occurring or have already taken place. The most common analysis approaches are misuse detection based (signature based) and anomaly detection. Response the set of actions that system takes once it detects intrusions. These are typically grouped into active and passive measures, with active measures involving some automated intervention on the part of the system, and passive measures involving reporting intrusion detection system findings to humans, who are then expected to take action based on those reports. INFORMATION SOURCE The most common way to classify intrusion detection system is to group them by information source. Some intrusion detection systems analyze network packets, captured from network backbones or LAN segments, to find attackers [2]. It can be describe by dividing three different parts. NETWORK BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM NIDS are intrusion detection systems that capture data packets traveling on the network media (cables, wireless) and match them to a database of signatures. Depending upon whether a packet is matched with an intruder signature, an alert is generated or the packet is logged to a file or database [8, 48]. Network-based intrusion detection systems often consist of a set of single-purpose sensors or hosts placed at various points in a network. These units monitor network traffic, performing local analysis of that traffic and reporting attacks to a central management console. As the sensors are limited to running the intrusion detection system, they can be more easily secured against attack. Many of these sensors are designed to run in â€Å"stealth† mode, in order to make it more difficult for an attacker to determine their presence and location [2, 48]. HOST INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM  or HIDS Host-based intrusion detection systems or HIDS are installed as agents on a host. These intrusion detection systems can look into system and application log files to detect any intruder activity. Some of these systems are reactive, meaning that they inform you only when something has happened. Some HIDS are proactive; they can sniff the network traffic coming to a particular host on which the HIDS is installed and alert you in real time [8, 48]. These types of intrusion detection systems run on host to reveal inappropriate activities on these hosts. The HIDSs are used for detecting the attacks from the inside and outside network. They provide snap shot about the existing system files and connect them to the previous. If the important system files were modified or deleted, the warning is sent to the administrator for inspection. The HIDS example is notice able on the machines with significant task; these machines do not expect the change of their configuration [9, 48]. APPLICATION-BASED INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM Application-based intrusion detection systems are a special subset of host-based intrusion detection systems that analyze the events transpiring within a software application. The most common information sources used by application-based intrusion detection systems are the application’s transaction log files. The ability to interface with the application directly, with significant domain or application-specific knowledge included in the analysis engine, allows application-based intrusion detection systems to detect suspicious behavior due to authorized users exceeding their authorization. This is because such problems are more likely to appear in the interaction between the user, the data, and the application [2, 48]. INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM ANALYSIS There are two primary approaches to analyzing events to detect attacks: misuse detection and anomaly detection. Misuse detection in which the analysis targets something known to be â€Å"bad†, is the technique used by most commercial systems. Anomaly detection, in which the analysis looks for abnormal patterns of activity, has been, and continues to be, the subject of a great deal of research. Anomaly detection is used in limited form by a number of intrusion detection systems. There are strengths and weaknesses associated with each approach, and it appears that the most effective intrusion detection systems use mostly misuse detection methods with a smattering of anomaly detection components [2, 48]. ANOMALY BASED DETECTION Anomaly detection uses models of the intended behavior of users and applications, interpreting deviations from this â€Å"normal† behavior as a problem. A basic assumption of anomaly detection is that attacks differ from normal behavior. For example, we can model certain users’ daily activity (type and amount) quite precisely. Suppose a particular user typically logs in around 10 Am., reads mail, performs database transactions, takes a break between noon and 1 Pm., has very few file access errors, and so on. If the system notices that this same user logs in at 3 Am., starts using compilers and debugging tools, and has numerous file access errors, it will flag this activity as suspicious. The main advantage of anomaly detection systems is that they can detect previously unknown attacks. By defining what’s normal, they can identify any violation, whether it is part of the threat model or not. In actual systems, however, the advantage of detecting previously unknown attacks is paid for in terms of high false-positive rates. Anomaly detection systems are also difficult to train in highly dynamic environments [5]. MISUSE DETECTION Misuse detection systems essentially define what’s wrong. They contain attack descriptions (or â€Å"signatures†) and match them against the audit data stream, looking for evidence of known attacks. One such attack, for example, would occur if someone created a symbolic link to a UNIX system’s password file and executed a privileged application that accesses the symbolic link. In this example, the attack exploits the lack of file access checks [5, 10]. The main advantage of misuse-based systems is that they usually produce very few false positives: attack description languages usually allow for modeling of attacks at such fine level of detail that only a few legitimate activities match an entry in the knowledge base. However, this approach has drawbacks as well. First of all, populating the knowledge base is a difficult, resource intensive task. Furthermore, misuse based systems cannot detect previously unknown attacks, or, at most, they can detect only new variations of previously modeled attacks. Therefore, it is essential to keep the knowledge base up-to-date when new vulnerabilities and attack techniques are discovered. Figure 2 shows how the misuse detection based intrusion detection system works is [11]. RESPONSE OPTION FOR INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM Once intrusion detection systems have obtained event information and analyzed it to find symptoms of attacks, they generate responses. Some of these responses involve reporting results and findings to a pre-specified location. Others involve more active automated responses. Though researchers are tempted to underrate the importance of good response functions in intrusion detection systems, they are actually very important. Commercial intrusion detection systems support a wide range of response options, often categorized as active responses, passive responses, or some mixture of the two [2]. IMPORTANCE OF THE INTRUTION DETECTION SYSTEM Usually we place a burglar alarm on the doors and windows of our home. We are installing an intrusion detection system (intrusion detection system) for our house. The intrusion detection systems used to protect our computer network operate in similar fashion. An intrusion detection system is a software and possibly hardware that detects attacks against our network. They detect intrusive activities that enter into our network. We can locate intrusive activity by examining network traffic, host logs, system calls, and other areas that signal an attack against our network [14]. There are different benefits that an intrusion detection system provides. Besides detecting attacks, most intrusion detection systems also provide some type of response to the attacks, such as resetting TCP connections [14]. DESIRABLE CHARACTERSTICS OF INTRUSION DETECTION SYSTEM There are different characteristics for an ideal intrusion detection system, which are listed below [many references]: An ideal intrusion detection system must run with minimum human supervision. An ideal intrusion detection system must be easy to deploy. An ideal intrusion detection system must be able to detect attacks intrusion detection system must not produce false negative alarms. intrusion detection system must not produce false positive alarms. intrusion detection system must report intrusion as soon as possible after the attacks occur. intrusion detection system must be general enough to detect different types of attacks. An ideal intrusion detection system must be fault tolerant; it must be able to recover from crashes and must restore previous state, either accidental or caused by malicious activities. An ideal intrusion detection system must impose minimal overhead on the system. An ideal intrusion detection system must be configurable to implement the securities policies of the system. THE PERIMETER MODEL AND DoS The perimeter model is an architecture commonly used by today’s organizations to protect critical infrastructures. This security model divides network architectures into two distinct groups; trusted and entrusted. The trusted group is often the finite internal infrastructure, whilst the entrusted group consists of infinite external networks. In this model two types of devices are used; firewall to control the traffic entering and leaving the trusted domain, and intrusion detection system to detect misbehavior of trust with in the trusted area boundary [18]. WHERE IDS SHOULD BE PLACED IN NETWORK TOPOLOGY Depending upon network topology, the intrusion detection system can be positioned one or more places. It’s also depends upon what type of intrusion activities should be detected: internet external or both. For example if the external intrusion activities should be detected, and only one router is connected to the internet, the best place for an intrusion detection system may be just inside the router or firewall. If there are many different paths to the internet, then the intrusion detection system should be placed at every entry point. However, if the internal attacks should be detected then the intrusion detection system should be placed in every network segment 2. Placement of the intrusion detection system really depends upon security policies 3 [8]. Note that more intrusion detection systems mean more work and more maintenance costs. Which defines that what should be protected from the hackers [8]? IDS AGAINST DENIAL-OF-SERVICE ATTACKS (DoS) The goal of a DoS attack is to disrupt some legitimate activity, such as browsing, web pages, an on line radio and many more. The denial of service is achieved by sending message to the target that interferes with its operation and makes it hang, crash, reboot or do useless work [16]. A denial-of-service attack is different in goal, form, and effect than most

American Westward Movement: Significance of the Contributing factors

American Westward movement, advocated by many as the divine destiny of the United States, is the movement of the people from the settled regions of the United States to lands farther west between early 17th and late 19th century. The earliest and most significant of the factors which contributed to the westward spread of ‘American frontier’ was the economic motives of the colonists.Fur traders in New England, New York and Pennsylvania bartered with the Native Americans in the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes for beaver pelts. Southerners reached to the Mississippi and beyond to trade with native Americans for deerskins. Later, the farmers who could not meet their mortgage payments on their lands as a result of the depression caused by the financial collapse in 1837 also moved westward for free land. Epidemics was another major contributing factor for the westward movement.In the East, more people died of such diseases as typhoid, dysentery, tuberculosis, scarlet fev er and malaria than from any other cause. Yellow fever so decimated the population of New Orleans and settlements along the Mississippi River to the north that the regional death rate exceeded its birth rate for nearly a century and in the 1830s an epidemic of cholera, which had started in Asia, rampaged through Europe, and came across the Atlantic on passenger ships, struck the East Coast and spread inland.The third significant contributing factor was The American Civil War. The civil war caused so much misery that thousands of people looked upon west as a means of escape from their devastated homes. To these people the West was the means to achieve health, wealth and happiness. The significance of these factors lies in the fact that the western expansion they caused resulted in making United States one of the most powerful countries in the world.Further, the American expansion also meant that the west was dominated by Anglo-American ways of life and institutions rather than French or Spanish ones; because latter were also trying to expand in North America in 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. However, the American westward movement curbed their efforts in this regard. Nonetheless, though the American westward movement was very beneficial for the United States, it proved fatal to the Native Americans who were the indigenous people settled in these lands. Their culture and way of life suffered destruction as a result of the westward expansion.

How Are Nautical Miles Measured

A nautical mile is a unit of measurement used on water by sailors and/or navigators in shipping and aviation. It is the average length of one minute of one degree along a great circle of the Earth. One nautical mile corresponds to one minute of latitude. Thus, degrees of latitude are approximately 60 nautical miles apart. By contrast, the distance of nautical miles between degrees of longitude is not constant because lines of longitude become closer together as they converge at the poles. Nautical miles are typically abbreviated with the symbols nm, NM or nmi. For example, 60 NM represents 60 nautical miles. In addition to being used in navigation and aviation, nautical miles are also used polar exploration and international laws and treaties regarding territorial water limits. Nautical Mile History Until 1929, there was not an internationally agreed upon distance or definition for the nautical mile. In that year, the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference was held in Monaco and at the conference, it was determined that the international nautical mile would be exactly 6,076 feet (1,852 meters). Currently, this is the only definition in use widely and it is the one that is accepted by the International Hydrographic Organization and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. Prior to 1929, different countries had different definitions of the nautical mile. For example, the United States measurements were based on the Clarke 1866 Ellipsoid and the length of one minute of arc along a great circle. With these calculations, a nautical mile was 6080.20 feet (1,853 meters). The U.S. abandoned this definition and accepted the international measure of a nautical mile in 1954. In the United Kingdom, the nautical mile was based on the knot. A knot is a unit of speed derived from dragging pieces of knotted string from sailing ships. The number of knots falling into the water over a given period of time determines the knots per hour. Using knots, the U.K. determined that one knot was one nautical mile and one nautical mile represented 6,080 feet (1853.18 meters). In 1970, the U.K. abandoned this definition of the nautical mile and now uses exactly 1,853 meters as its definition.    Using Nautical Miles Today, one nautical mile still equals exactly the internationally agreed upon measure of 1,852 meters (6,076 feet). One of the most important concepts in understanding the nautical mile though is its relation to latitude. Because a nautical mile is based on Earth’s circumference, an easy way to understand the calculation of a nautical mile is to imagine the Earth being cut in half. Once cut, the circle of the half can be divided into equal portions of 360 °. These degrees can then be divided into 60 minutes. One of these minutes (or minutes of arc as they are called in navigation) along a great circle on Earth represents one nautical mile. In terms of statute or land miles, a nautical mile represents 1.15 miles. This is because one degree of latitude is approximately 69 statute miles in length. 1/60th of that measure would be 1.15 statute miles. Another example is traveling around the Earth at the equator to do this, one would have to travel 24,857 miles (40,003 km). When converted to nautical miles, the distance would be 21,600 NM. In addition to its use for navigational purposes, nautical miles are also still significant markers of speed as the term knot is today used to mean one nautical mile per hour. Therefore if a ship is moving at 10 knots, it is moving at 10 nautical miles per hour. The term knot as it is used today is derived from the previously mentioned practice of using a log (a knotted rope tied to a ship) to gauge the speed of a ship. To do this, the log would be thrown into the water and trailed behind the ship. The number of knots that passed off of the ship and into the water over a certain amount of time would be counted and the number counted determined speed in â€Å"knots.† Present-day knot measurements are determined with more technologically advanced methods, however, such as mechanical tow, Doppler radar, and/or GPS. Nautical Charts Because nautical miles have constant measurement following lines of longitude, they are extremely useful in navigation. To make navigation easier, sailors and aviators have developed nautical charts which serve as a graphical representation of the Earth with a focus on its areas of water. Most nautical charts contain information on the open sea, coastlines, navigable inland waters and canal systems. Usually, nautical charts use one of three map projections: the gnomic, polyconic and Mercator. The Mercator projection is the most common of these three because on it, lines of latitude and longitude cross at right angles forming a rectangular grid. On this grid, the straight lines of latitude and longitude work as straight line courses and can easily be plotted through the water as navigable routes. The addition of the nautical mile and its representation of one minute of latitude make navigation relatively easy in open water, thus making it an extremely important component of exploration, shipping, and geography.

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight - 1473 Words

â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† translated by J.R.R. Tolkien is a narrative romance poetry depicting the journey of a knight errant. The foundation of the poem is based on a knight who struggles to maintain balance between his faith and the code of chivalry, particularly loyalty. On the voyage to achieve the promise he made to the Green Knight and to display his loyalty toward King Arthur, Sir Gawain encounters games testing his character. The games include forces of nature: death and human sexual desires; that challenge his faith and chivalric values. Furthermore, his inability to constrain himself from the seductive Lady Bercilak, affects his human morality and loyalty to his counterparts and God. Such behaviors and struggles are also experienced in â€Å"Lanval† between the mistress and Lanval. Sir Gawain possesses virtues that signify his relationship with God and his affiliation with humans; however, the tests presented to him, especially the fear of d eath and human desires, consume his ability to maintain both faith and loyalty to God and to human society. The introduction of Sir Gawain displays an individual who possesses knightly chivalric values. The first test displaying Sir Gawain chivalric values is during the first appearance of the Green Knight. The Green Knight proposes a game to King Arthur that involves a strike for a stroke. Sir Gawain’s loyalty and bravery is shown as he asks King Arthur for his permission to abandon the bench and to stand withShow MoreRelatedSir Gawain And The Green Knight1359 Words   |  6 PagesIn the poem â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight,† a protagonist emerges depicting an Arthurian knight named Sir Gawain. Sir Gawain, King Arthur’s nephew, takes initiative by accepting the challenge requested by the Green Knight in place of his uncle. He undergoes a perilous adventure, seeking for the Green Knight to receive the final blow. Although Sir Gawain is not viewed as a hero for his military accomplishments, he is, however, viewed as a heroic figure by the Knights at the Round Table for hisRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight862 Words   |  4 PagesIn Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by an unknown author referred to as the â€Å"Pearl Poet,† we are introduced to Sir Gawain. Gawain is a knight of the Round Table and he is also the nephew of King Arthur. As a knight, Gawain is expected to possess and abide by many chivalrous facets. Throughout the poem he portrays many of the qualities a knight should possess, such as bravery, courtesy, and honor among others. Because of his ability to possess these virtues even when tempted to stray away from themRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight compares a super natural creature to nature. The mystery of the poem is ironic to the anonymous author. The story dates back into the fourteenth century, but no one knows who origi nally wrote the poem. This unknown author explains in the poem of Sir Gawain not knowing of the location of the Green Chapel and or who the Green Knight really is. This keeps the reader entertained with the suspicion of not knowing. The author then does not give his name orRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1687 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight contains ambiguity and irony that make it interesting to read and teach. Gawain’s conflict arose when he accepted the girdle that could protect him and when he lied to his host, severing fellowship with the lord for courtesy with the lady. By utilizing a social reconstructionist philosophy of teaching that emphasizes personal beliefs and ethics, a teacher will help the students establish their identities and learn to appreciate classic literature. Sir Gawain and theRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1514 Words   |  7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight is an epic poem written in the mid to late fourteenth century by an unknown author. Throughout the tale, Sir Gawain, a Knight at the Round Table in Camelot, is presented with many hardships, the first being a challenge on Christmas by a man in which, â€Å"Everything about him was an elegant green† (161). This â€Å"Green Knight† challenged someone in Camelot to accept his game which they will chop off his head with his axe and the Green Knight will do the same to the playerRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain: The Ironic Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a tale of the utmost irony in which Sir Gawain, the most loyal and courteous of all of King Arthur’s knights, fails utterly to be loyal and courteous to his king, his host, his vows, and his God. In each case, Sir Gawain not only fails to perform well, but performs particularly poorly, especially in the case of his relationship with God. Ultimately, Sir Gawain chooses magic over faith, and by doing so, shows his ironic nature as aRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight906 Words   |  4 Pagesusually the latter. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight we see Sir Bertilak go off to hunt three very specific animals as a game with Sir Gawain. They agree that â€Å"what ever [Bertilak catches] in the wood shall become [Sir Gawain’s], and what ever mishap comes [Sir Gawain’s] way will be given to [Bertilak] in exchange.† (Sir Gawain†¦, ln 1105-1007). In this deal we slowly see Gawain loose his honor as paralleled with Sir B ertilak’s hunt. The first animal that is hunted by the knight is a deer, while thisRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesFall 16 Donnelly Many years ago, knights were expected to form a certain type of relationship with their king, this relationship was otherwise known as fealty. Fealty is a knight’s sworn loyalty to their king (in other words a loyal relationship should be formed between the two). The use of this relationship is shown in the poem called â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† ( the author is unknown). This poem has a classic quest type of formula, with a knight receiving a challenge and then going outRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1455 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, for Gawain in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight temptation existed around every corner while he was playing the game of the Green Knight. Temptation existed every day and each day it existed in a new way. Gawain never knew what was coming his way throughout the grand scheme of the game, but one thing was for certain he was being tested. Without his reliance religious faith and dedication to his reputation, Gawain wo uld not have been able to make it through the game of the Green Knight alive andRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBoth Sir Gawain, from â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† translated by Marie Borroff, and Beowulf, from Beowulf translated by Burton Raffel, serve as heroes in different times of Medieval English Literature. Many of the basic principles that describe heroes in Medieval Literature are seen in both of these characters even though they were written in different times. There are distinct similarities, differences, and also a progression of what the hero was in English literature, between Sir Gawain and

The Drug Addiction Of The United States - 774 Words

It is possible to stop most drug addiction in the United States within a very short time. Simply make all drugs available and sell them at cost. Label each drug with a precise description of what effect - good and bad - the drug will have on the taker. This will require heroic honesty. Don t say that marijuana is addictive or dangerous when it is neither, as millions of people know - unlike speed, which kills most unpleasantly, or heroin, which is addictive and difficult to kick. For the record, I have tried - once - almost every drug and liked none, disproving the popular Fu Manchu theory that a single whiff of opium will enslave the mind. Nevertheless many drugs are bad for certain people to take and they should be told why in a sensible way. Along with exhortation and warning, it might be good for our citizens to recall (or learn for the first time) that the United States was the creation of men who believed that each man has the right to do what he wants with his own life as long as he does not interfere with his neighbor s pursuit of happiness (that his neighbor s idea of happiness is persecuting others does confuse matters a bit). This is a startling notion to the current generation of Americans. They reflect a system of public education which has made the Bill of Rights, literally, unacceptable to a majority of high school graduates (see the annual Purdue reports) who now form the silent majority - a phrase which that underestimated wit Richard Nixon tookShow MoreRelatedDrug Addiction : The United States2115 Words   |  9 PagesAddictions in the United States Audience Analysis Paper Summary of Survey Results The purpose of our survey was to gain insight into our audience’s attitudes and beliefs about addictions in the United States. Our audience consisted of 24 respondents, aged approximately between 18 and 22. These respondents had approximately two weeks to complete our survey. The survey consisted of seven Likert-scale questions, each with a number of sub-questions. All 24 respondents completed this survey. TheseRead MoreDrug Addiction : The United States War On Drugs930 Words   |  4 PagesThe decades-old United States war on drugs has not been successful and very cost ineffective (Madden, 2008). Today, drug addiction continues to be an important public health problem in our nation. The U.S. spends more than $700 billion dollars annually in costs related to substance abuse (National Institute on Drug Abuse [NIDA], 2015). Drug-related costs include abuse of tobacco, alcohol, illicit drugs, crime, lost work productivity, and health care (NIDA, 2015). And the costs correspon ding to thoseRead MoreDrug Addiction And Its Effects On The United States1194 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, drug addiction has been one of the many factors of why people across the United States become unsuccessful. Being an addict controls the mind, body and souls of some people and with that, it usually hurts them in the long run. A disease is a disease, no matter if it’s alcoholism, gambling, food addiction or a drug addiction. Not all drugs do the same to people, but in some cases, it gets them high for a couple minutes and makes them keep coming back for more and from time to timeRead MoreEssay Drugs: Tolerance and Withdrawal1254 Words   |  6 PagesDrugs cause an indescribable high, causing the imprisoned individual to be set free from their reality; however, that’s not only what drugs cause. About 200 million people around the world are drug users causing 250,000 deaths each year. Dependency on a drug then leads to a tolerance to the drug, and be fore the user knows it, they are addicted. Drugs are like a black hole that vacuums the user into a state of addiction which makes it even more difficult to escape and quit. However, addiction canRead MoreNew Rehab Programs Should Be Introduced1420 Words   |  6 Pages Since the start of the Drug War, which was the motion to use more policing in order to end the illicit drug market, the amount of arrests have increased for drug possession. Rehab programs in state and federal prisons have helped people overcome their addiction and relapse. The same way that King Leonidas in the graphic novel, 300, went about his Spartan initiation, it portrays the way a drug addict tries to overcome their addiction. By continuing to arrest people for substance abuse, it makesRead MoreAddiction Counseling : An Bright Future Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesAddiction Counseling: An Unfortunately Bright Future As a child, I was surrounded by drug and alcohol addiction. In fact, I didn’t realize this was even abnormal until I was nearly a teenager and saw that not all of my friends’ parents used illegal drugs on a regular basis or threw wild parties every weekend. It was unfortunate, but it was my reality. Being surrounded by addiction made me do everything that I could to stay away from drugs and other illegal substances. I saw the toll it had takenRead MoreIs Drug Addiction A Choice Or A Disease?1743 Words   |  7 PagesIs drug addiction a choice or a disease ? There are two central debates that often arise when speaking of addiction ; either addiction is a disease caused by the brain, or addiction is a matter of weak will. In comparison the disease model would take responsibility away from the addict and place it on biological reasoning ; the weak will model, would ultimately condemn the addict and place blame on the addicts decision making process and thus blame the addict for their behavior. Utilitarian theoryRead MoreHeroin Addiction : The United States1743 Words   |  7 PagesHeroin Addiction in the United States Overview of Heroin Addiction in the U.S. Heroin addiction is one of the leading killers of adolescents and adults in the United States. In recent years, addiction has skyrocketed, and â€Å"the rate of heroin-related overdose deaths increased by 286 percent between 2002 and 2013.† In 2002, â€Å"100 people per 100,000 were addicted to heroin, and that number has doubled by 2013† (The National Institute on Drug Abuse 2013). The most affected populations include low incomeRead MoreIntroduction . Addiction Is An Incontrollable Need For728 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Addiction is an incontrollable need for a substance. When someone is addicted, the feeling of being hooked to a substance makes you psychologically believe you cannot go without that substance. These addictions are not only hurting the person doing the substance, but it can tare families apart. Opiate addiction is a disease that is looked down upon by society. If substance users to not get the treatment they need, they will continue to do everything in their power to get ahold of theRead MorePolicy And Implications Of The President s Inaugural National Drug Control Strategy Essay1727 Words   |  7 Pagesinaugural, the 2010 National Drug Control Strategy presented an evidence-based practice that addressed reducing drug use and eliminating its consequences in the United States (National Drug Control Strategy, 2013). The president responded by having his administration draft the â€Å"third way† in drug policy, which rejects taking extreme measures on drug addicts and in crimi nalizing them, also minimizing the United States participation in the â€Å"war on drugs† (National Drug Control Strategy, 2013). This

Native Tribes Free Essays

Cormac McCarthy’s â€Å"Blood Meridian† deals with racism in the form of The Judge’s attitude toward the orphans, the tangible efforts of the gang to be more savage, and even in the Kid’s role in the border skirmishes between the American settlers, the Native Americans and Mexicans living along the border. In a novel that some have called the greatest American novel since â€Å"Moby Dick†, McCarthy discusses racism on an inherent level, making people examine the historical context and the situation itself. Remarkably, the novel has a lasting appeal as a commentary on the way Americans address their southern neighbors even today. We will write a custom essay sample on Native Tribes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first evidence of racism the book offers is in the Judge’s attitude towards the orphans. The Judge is a pedophile, raping the orphans and then killing them or having them killed to hide his indiscretion. In his mind, the Judge justifies his actions with the thought that many of the children in the orphanage are half-breeds and somehow therefore less important than people who are purely Caucasian. In his mind, the Judge and others who look after the orphans, even as wantonly as the Judge does, are doing their Christian duty and providing for children that are otherwise unwanted. In this way, the book takes a hard and accurate look at the racism that was prevalent in the West regarding children descended from Native Americans and Europeans. The children were dismissed by white society as half savage and by the Native populations because they often represented the humiliation of one of the women of the tribe—either voluntarily or involuntarily. To some extent, these children were more accepted in the Native populations when their parents were both accepted by the tribe, but even then they were mostly second class citizens. The next evidence of racism and its extreme application comes from the Gang. Though the gang is composed of outlaws of Caucasian and Native descent, as a means of instilling terror in their victims, the gang resorts to scalping those they killed. As history demonstrates, only a very small number of Native Tribes took scalps as counting coup, but the stereotype of the novel and of the gang members was that Injun’s took scalps and that would make people more afraid of them. It is also interesting to note that primary targets of the gang were settlers coming up from Mexico or those of Hispanic descent. The stereotype that the Mexican were outlaws or lazy ot somehow second-class citizens is prevalent in the novel. Perhaps equally interesting in the long-term is the prejudice within the Hispanic/Mexican/Chicano community itself. Even now, those who are descendents of the Spanish Conquistadors are sometimes offended by being identified as Mexicans, whom they identify as those of mixed blood between the conquistadors and the Native American people of Central America. However, Chicanos in Southern California would be equally offended by being called a Hispanic as they take pride in their connection to Mexico. The fact that this racism persists to this day is both interesting and depressing at the same time. The simple reality of Cormac McCarthy’s novel is that it portrays an evil man attempting to justify his actions via racism and a gang of thugs using racism to make themselves seem bigger and badder than they are, when in truth murder should have been enough. McCarthy’s ability to capture the tenor and reality of the racism without pandering to it does make this a novel worth reading. How to cite Native Tribes, Papers

Leadership In The Management Process Of Healthcare †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Leadership In The Management Process Of Healthcare. Answer: Introduction leadership in management The purpose of this assignment is to enrich the reader with a brief overview of leadership in the management process of healthcare. The healthcare industry is very crucial industry under which one step can change all the activities of the business process both positively and negatively. So, it is important for the business process to initiate trust and transparency in the business as to receive effective results in the management of the business. Talking about leadership in health care it shall be noted that this process helps in the initiation of effective and quick actions in the organization. And the implementation of habit of trust and transparency in the management of healthcare helps the organization in the easy flow of work in the workplace and it also helps in decision making process in the organization. The employees get motivated with the process of initiation of such activities in the business (Daire, Gilson, Cleary, 2014). Health care management is delicate sector under which small blunder can adversely affect the organization along with the people connected with it. So in order to maintain the positive external environment, the leaders need to manage proper leadership program and initiate workplace management activities in their business operations (Grohar-Murray, DiCroce, Langan, 2016). Further, the task includes a detailed description of the importance of trust and transparency in health care management and leadership role of the managers in the organization. it also explains the barriers caused by the organization in case of non-compliance of such activities. Further details about the task are discussed below. Importance of trust and transparency in health care Information is the most powerful aspect with the help of which organizations drive the customers to trust on their activities. Without transparency, patients will also not be able to trust on the activities of the health care organization. As the patient will review the online survey response of the existing patients of the organization then will get to know about the true image of the company in the market according to which they will create their perception and act accordingly. Further, no business can sustain the global market by lying to the customers thus transparency and trust is most important for any business. Talking about such activities ineffective leadership management system, it shall be noted that the leader shall always aim to correctly guide its employee and the customers by stating all the material facts to them (West, et. al., 2014). This process of leader will initiate transparency in the organization and transparency is the most factors which boost up the trust of employees on the working of the organization. In an organization where there is effective workplace management and the employees trust on the activities of their leader and follow. In that organization, the customers are automatically insisted to attain their services. Thus, it shall be noted that effective leadership intensifies the sales of services in the organization (Dean, 2014). Talking about the impact of transparency activity ineffective leadership management, it shall be noted that this process develops accountability of employees in the health care system. Emerging incidence about the lack of transparency in leadership management of health care indicates that transparency can lead to accountability which can affect the whole process of the management. Accountability is an aspect which increases the level of responsibility of employees and makes them liable towards the work which they perform. No employee would intentionally perform any wrong act because they that they wou ld be held liable for performing such activities, due to which mistakes in the organization reduced and flow of work was initiated (Menachemi, Hogan, DelliFraine, 2015). Another aspect which gives good results with the effect of transparency and trust in organization is that this process provides productivity in the organization. As trust of employees on the activities of the organization initiates the business operations in a better way due to which subsequently the productivity in the organization is increased. The availability of all such organizations data to the customers of the organization provides the choice to prefer other competitors in the market, due to which the organizations urge to work better according to the requirements of the customers present in the market. Also it shall be noted that along with details about ones own company, information about other competitors is also present in the market due to which the company receives a chance to gain the competitive edge in the target market by knowing the inefficiencies of the competitors and working on them in order to achieve success (Barr, Dowding, 2015). Further, in the process of effective leadership management, a manager can only initiate activities in the health care when the employees fully trust the instincts of the management. Suppose if the business process wants to initiate a new change in the organization and the leader is determined for such change to so that customers receive greater benefit out of the services of our company. But if the employees do not obey the guidelines of the manager then there is a possibility that the plan might not work according to the expectation of the leader, due to which dissatisfaction might occur which would result in creation negative business environment. Thus, that is why trust and transparency are important in the management of the organization as it provides productivity, accountability and many other benefits to the healthcare organization. Lastly, quality of the outcomes is also improved which the introduction of this process in the business process (Ledlow, Stephens, 2017). Role of leadership in management Furthermore talking about the importance in the process of leadership in health care management, it shall be noted that there are many aspects of leadership which helps the healthcare organization in recognizing themselves in the global market. In addition to the above-mentioned statements it shall also be noted that trust and transparency activities in a business process highly affect the leadership in the healthcare, as these activities govern in the leadership prices of the mangers. An effective management requires good leadership services of the managers and good leadership requires trust of employees on the activities of the leader. All such activities collide to provide qualitative results for the health care organization (Gifford, et. al., 2014). Healthcare is field which called be called as a profit earning field, but the services which such organizations provide cannot be compared with money. Thus, this industry is crucial this fact shall be understood by all people working under it. So, in order to maximize the benefits of customers and help those to recover with their health, the managers first need to gain their trust with the rightful business activities. Then they need to be transparent and provide them all the fact related to their business then only they can provide benefits to the customers through their services. Apart from that, all such activities can only be initiated by the organization in the managers are capable enough to lead the whole organization. Leadership is an important part in the effective management of healthcare business (DiMaria-Ghalili, et. al., 2014). As there is huge pressure on the hospitals so, the organizations need a leader who can keep the employees motivated on the activities of the organ ization. Thus, it shall be noted that effective leadership is the need of the era and trust and transparency is the need of effective leadership. The employees also need to be transparent with the manager and the manager also needs to be transparent with the employees and the customers. Transparency brings trust on the activities of the leader and the management, which gives positive outcomes to organization and its customers as well (Jeffreys, 2015). Furthermore talking about the role of leadership in the health care management in hospitals, it shall be taken into consideration that patients will take their medications from the hospital on which they fully trust. So, this trust is gained by the leaders of the organization as they make the patients trust that will help them and co-operate with their condition as well. Patients safety is an important aspect and the organization which will take the authority and responsibility of patients and their problem will gain goodwill in the market. in many organizations, the activities have been noticed under which the managerial team of the hospital keeps the disease secret from the patient and involve them in unnecessary payments for their cruel means (Ward, et. al., 2015). They do not understand the sentiments of the patients which are linked with the doctors and the hospital, the patients trust that the doctors will cure them and make them healthier but irrespective of the fact that the people whom they trust are people who are degrading their growth. That's why trust and transparency are the two factors which help the patients to analyze the activities of the hospitals and it helps the leaders to analyze the growth of the management. Discipline in nursing is an important aspect which promotes integrity in their activities thus, the nurses and the doctors shall take the responsibility to act in favor of public on a whole and initiate transparency in their business operations as well (Strmgren, et. al., 2016). Leadership Barriers: personal, organizational, system Trust and transparency are the two aspects of an organization which are not adopted by all people in the management. And in the process of health care management, accountable care is the care under which the all the material information is shared between the payer and provider. Thus, there are some barriers in the adoption process of transparency in the organization. The personal barrier refers to the barriers which are related to the personal behavior or attitude of an employee in the organization. The personal issues include the problem of ego which arises under the nurses and doctors of the organization (Perry, Cox, Cox, 2014). The management believes that they are the ruling party in the transaction ad things shall go according to their way and if they face any change in the procedure then they feel irritated and oppose to the rules formed by the management of the organization. Ego is the biggest issue which detracts the flow of effective leadership and communication in the orga nization. Thus, ego and negative attitude of the nurse can be assumed as a personal issue which acts as a barrier for the management team of the health care organization in their process of leadership. Another personal issue can be the wrong intentions of the doctors in the organization. The doctors usually do not treat their patients properly in the hospital and then they ask them to come on their personal clinic. This act is done by them so as to earn an additional income from their business. This activity of them is ethically wrong and if the management identifies such then they shall prohibit then to act so (Van Velsen, et. al., 2016). Thus, due to these personal reasons the management and the leaders class in the organization. Furthermore talking about the organizational issues which hinders the leadership process of the managers, the fact that came into existence is that the transparency process can only be initiated in the organization when the all the employees present in workplace effectively communicate with each, an in an organization where the employees do not communicate with each other then there would be no be flow of positive working environment due to which issues in management will occur (Erkutlu, Chafra, 2013). Communication will help the employees to address each others issues and collectively resolve them. Communication also creates transparency in the organization. Solidarity helps the employees to build trust in on each other with their activities. Thus, this is another organization issue which makes the leadership process ineffective and subsequently growth of the health care organization decreases (Izquierdo, 2014). Another organizational issue is the understanding ability of the employees in the organization to understand a crucial issue and work on them. The health care organization is an emergency prone area where any time any emergency can occur and the doctors and nurses have to be present there to address the issue. Due to which any employee in the organization is inefficient in understanding the need of the era due to which some major cases in the organization are left unanswered. Here comes the role of leadership, if the leader in organization transparently communicates their responsibilities with other employees in the organization then this problem might not occur. As due to this the employees will not rely on each other and will complete their responsibilities for which they are accountable (McSherry, Pearce, 2016). The upcoming role of healthcare management notices the emerging role of physicians in the organization. now there comes a clash in the hospital when the physician in the organization aims to act as leaders in the organization whereas the actual leader is a person who is actually in the managerial post of leadership which is assigned by the management. An organization only needs two one leaders for management, two leaders create disputes and confusion in the organization. With this process, the employees will feel confusion that which leader they have to follow and to whom they are actually accountable. So this is one of the major system issues which are affecting the leadership process and the initiation of transparency activity in the organization (West, et. al., 2014). Lastly, the major aspect due to which the transparency from the organization is reduced is that there is increase effect of complexity in the organization due to which the healthcare management system is facing difficulty in leading its employees. As there is the presence of rapidly changing environment due to which it becomes difficult for the management to adjust according to such fluctuating environment. Adding to it, complexity in the organization is the cause of lack of transparency, complex organization structure subsequently starts reducing the flow of transparency from the organization resulting which issues are created for the management of the organization (Wong, Giallonardo, 2013). Examples of effective leadership in Health Care There are many organizations under which the physiotherapists are leading the managerial activities of the management effectively. Also under their guidance adequate procedure of transparency is also initiated by the management due to which positive working environment is initiated in the management (Agote, Aramburu, Lines, 2016). Talking the organization under which transparency created advantage for the organization is the Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, under which the leaders of the organization reconstructed the traditional managerial procedure into a distributive leadership model. This model helped the employees to analyze their duties and responsibilities and work in accordance with them. Communication was also enhanced due to which patient satisfaction and their trust also increased. The outcomes of this process generated greater satisfaction of employees and patients and positive staff feedback related to good corporate culture as well. (Thornton, 2016) Talking about the other which states the importance of transparency ineffective leadership it shall be noted that doctor Marty Makary attacks on various organizations saying that corporate hospitals prevent people from making the correct health decisions due to which they shall be held accountable for the activities which they perform. He is a surgeon and professor at John Hopkins University, stated that there needs to implement a whistleblower technique, as right now the doctors are not fairly treating the patients under their surveillance. As Makary marked one such case under which wrong anecdotes caused problem in the health of many people. In this case, if the managers would have transparently shared all such information with the patients then they would not have faced such issues. Thus, it shall be noted that transparency is one of the major factors which needs to be applied to the management of health care. (Abrams, 2012) The next example is the accountable care organization, which held people liable for the working which they have done. This organization provides all the details information to the payer about their transaction and process which they are going to follow. This process leads to credibility and accountability of the delegates to perform the work. And subsequently due to which the activities of leadership are easily initiated. (Bekhard Hospital Review, 2012) Conclusion Thus, in the limelight of above-mentioned events, the fact that shall be noted s that healthcare management system requires adequate leadership in their process otherwise the organization will not work effectively. Transparency refers to the process of initiation of honesty and integrity in the organization, and if such actions are not followed in the organization then in that organization they employee will not be able to trust on the activities of the leaders (Chakraborty, Bhattacharya, Dobrzykowski, 2014). Thus, transparency initiates the trust of the employee along with the trust of patients in the organization. Being a crucial industry there comes many situations when the management of hospitals needs to work with full solidarity and responsibility otherwise the outcome might get worse; therefore, effective leadership helps the management to ace in the work filed. Leadership is a tool which guides the whole organization in efficiently working and initiating ethical business act ivities in the organization. Thus, it is the duty of the leader to implement activities transparency in the organization so that goodwill of the company is created in the market. Thus, the managers shall effectively communicate with the employees in the organization and the leader shall make an initiative to remove the personal, organizational and system barriers which are negatively affecting the growth of the organization. References Abrams, L., (2012). How Transparency Can Empower Patients and Fix Health Care. Viewed on October 30, 2017 from https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2012/09/how-transparency-can-empower-patients-and-fix-health-care/262531/ Agote, L., Aramburu, N., Lines, R. (2016). Authentic leadership perception, trust in the leader, and followers emotions in organizational change processes.The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science,52(1), 35-63. Barr, J., Dowding, L. (2015).Leadership in health care. Sage. Bekhard Hospital Review, (2012). 8 Key Issues for Hospitals and Health Systems 2013. Viewed on October 30, 2017 from https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/hospital-management-administration/8-key-issues-for-hospitals-and-health-systems-2013.html Chakraborty, S., Bhattacharya, S., Dobrzykowski, D. D. (2014). Impact of supply chain collaboration on value co-creation and firm performance: a healthcare service sector perspective.Procedia Economics and Finance,11, 676-694. Daire, J., Gilson, L., Cleary, S. (2014). 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